4 Şubat 2015 Çarşamba

Hagar and Ishmael in the Wilderness

Hagar and Ishmael in the Wilderness


Genesis 16 (NIV)    
16 Now Sarai, Abram’s wife, had borne him no children. But she had an Egyptian slave named Hagar; so she said to Abram, “The Lord has kept me from having children. Go, sleep with my slave; perhaps I can build a family through her.”
Abram agreed to what Sarai said. So after Abram had been living in Canaan ten years, Sarai his wife took her Egyptian slave Hagar and gave her to her husband to be his wife. He slept with Hagar, and she conceived.
When she knew she was pregnant, she began to despise her mistress. Then Sarai said to Abram, “You are responsible for the wrong I am suffering. I put my slave in your arms, and now that she knows she is pregnant, she despises me. May the Lord judge between you and me.”
“Your slave is in your hands,” Abram said. “Do with her whatever you think best.” Then Sarai mistreated Hagar; so she fled from her.
The angel of the Lord found Hagar near a spring in the desert; it was the spring that is beside the road to Shur. And he said, “Hagar, slave of Sarai, where have you come from, and where are you going?”
“I’m running away from my mistress Sarai,” she answered.
Then the angel of the Lord told her, “Go back to your mistress and submit to her.” 10 The angel added, “I will increase your descendants so much that they will be too numerous to count.”
11 The angel of the Lord also said to her:
“You are now pregnant
    and you will give birth to a son.
You shall name him Ishmael,
    for the Lord has heard of your misery.
12 He will be a wild donkey of a man;
    his hand will be against everyone
    and everyone’s hand against him,
and he will live in hostility
    toward all his brothers.”
13 She gave this name to the Lord who spoke to her: “You are the God who sees me,” for she said, “I have now seen the One who sees me.” 14 That is why the well was called Beer Lahai Roi; it is still there, between Kadesh and Bered.
15 So Hagar bore Abram a son, and Abram gave the name Ishmael to the son she had borne. 16 Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore him Ishmael.

“I had no complaints. There was just one child then, me, and until Isaac came along fourteen years after I did, I held all of the privileges. I had everything I wanted. Sarah took charge of me too and was never unkind. Until I was weaned I lived with the women and had two mothers, Sarah and Hagar. After that I was closer to Abraham. I’d had enough of the women. Abraham was my father. I was his son and his only heir. I was the one who could continue his line and perpetuate his name. Without me, where would he be? Where would those promises be that he said he had gotten from his god? Then Isaac came.”
Joseph Heller, from “Hagar & Ishmael.” This excerpt is from an untitled novel left unfinished by the author in 1997 and discovered in 2006 by J. D. Thomas in the University of South Carolina’s Joseph Heller Archive. The other chapters are “Isaac,” “Sarah,” and “Abraham.”

Hagar Meets El Roi
El Roi is the name that Hagar (Sarai servant, mother to Abrams first child Ismeal) called God when He saw her in the desert.
Hagar felt unimportant and inferior, a servant ordered to sleep with an elderly man to conceive his children. But God saw her. No matter how unimportant she was to others, she was important to God! He saw her struggles, and His eyes were always upon her. No matter what other peoples opinions of you may be, or how inferior they may make you feel, remember God sees and is watching over you! That in itself highlights your importance. And if you feel like no one cares about you, the God who sees you does. 
"Each one of us strolls through the wilderness of life at times. Our unchanging God knows your name too. He sees you right where you are and knows the burdens of your heart. God sees each one of us just as He saw Hagar, and bids us to see ourselves through His eyes."
Bible Verse: Genesis 16:13

 Hacer ile İsmail

16: 1 Karısı Saray Avram'a çocuk verememişti. Saray'ın Hacer
adında Mısırlı bir cariyesi vardı.
16: 2 Saray Avram'a "RAB çocuk sahibi olmamı engelledi" dedi "Lütfen cariyemle yat. Belki bu yoldan bir çocuk sahibi olabilirim." Avram Saray'ın sözünü dinledi.
16: 3 Saray Mısırlı cariyesi Hacer'i kocası Avram'a karı olarak verdi. Bu olay Avram Kenan'da on yıl yaşadıktan sonra oldu.
16: 4 Avram Hacer'le yattı Hacer hamile kaldı. Hacer hamile
olduğunu anlayınca hanımını küçük görmeye başladı.
16: 5 Saray Avram'a "Bu haksızlık senin yüzünden başıma geldi!"
dedi "Cariyemi koynuna soktum. Hamile olduğunu anlayınca beni
küçük görmeye başladı. İkimiz arasında RAB karar versin."
16: 6 Avram "Cariyen senin elinde" dedi "Neyi uygun görürsen yap." Böylece Saray cariyesine sert davranmaya başladı. Hacer onun yanından kaçtı.
16: 7 RAB'bin meleği Hacer'i çölde bir pınarın Şur yolundaki pınarın başında buldu.
16: 8 Ona "Saray'ın cariyesi Hacer nereden gelip nereye gidiyorsun?" diye sordu. Hacer "Hanımım Saray'dan kaçıyorum" diye yanıtladı.
16: 9 RAB'bin meleği "Hanımına dön ve ona boyun eğ" dedi
16: 10 "Senin soyunu öyle çoğaltacağım ki kimse sayamayacak.
16: 11 "İşte hamilesin bir oğlun olacak Adını İsmail [1] koyacaksın.
Çünkü RAB sıkıntı içindeki yakarışını işitti.
16: 12 Oğlun yaban eşeğine benzer bir adam olacak O herkese herkes de ona karşı çıkacak. Kardeşlerinin hepsiyle çekişme içinde yaşayacak [2] ."
16: 13 Hacer "Beni gören Tanrı'yı gerçekten gördüm mü?" diyerek kendisiyle konuşan RAB'be "El-Roi [3] " adını verdi.
16: 14 Bu yüzden Kadeş'le Beret arasındaki o kuyuya Beer-Lahay-Roi [4] adı verildi.
16: 15 Hacer Avram'a bir erkek çocuk doğurdu. Avram çocuğun adını
İsmail koydu.
16: 16 Hacer İsmail'i doğurduğunda Avram ¤¤¤¤en altı yaşındaydı.






Everyone in your culture knows this. Man was born to turn the world into paradise, but tragically he was born flawed. And so his paradise has always been spoiled by stupidity, greed, destructiveness, and shortsightedness.
—  Daniel Quinn, Ishmael





The moon looks wonderful in this warm evening light, just as a candle flame looks beautiful in the light of morning. Light within light. It seems like a metaphor for something […] the human soul, the singular light within the great general light of existence, or it seems like poetry within language. Perhaps wisdom within experience. Or marriage within friendship and love. I’ll try to remember to use this. I believe I see a place for it in my thoughts on Hagar and Ishmael. Their time in the wilderness seems like a specific moment of divine Providence within the whole providential regime of Creation.
—  Gilead. Marilynne Robinson

Genesis 16 New International Version (NIV)

Hagar and Ishmael

16 Now Sarai, Abram’s wife, had borne him no children. But she had an Egyptian slave named Hagar; so she said to Abram, “The Lord has kept me from having children. Go, sleep with my slave; perhaps I can build a family through her.”
Abram agreed to what Sarai said. So after Abram had been living in Canaan ten years, Sarai his wife took her Egyptian slave Hagar and gave her to her husband to be his wife. He slept with Hagar, and she conceived.
When she knew she was pregnant, she began to despise her mistress. Then Sarai said to Abram, “You are responsible for the wrong I am suffering. I put my slave in your arms, and now that she knows she is pregnant, she despises me. May the Lord judge between you and me.”
“Your slave is in your hands,” Abram said. “Do with her whatever you think best.” Then Sarai mistreated Hagar; so she fled from her.
The angel of the Lord found Hagar near a spring in the desert; it was the spring that is beside the road to Shur. And he said, “Hagar, slave of Sarai, where have you come from, and where are you going?”
“I’m running away from my mistress Sarai,” she answered.
Then the angel of the Lord told her, “Go back to your mistress and submit to her.” 10 The angel added, “I will increase your descendants so much that they will be too numerous to count.”
11 The angel of the Lord also said to her:
“You are now pregnant
    and you will give birth to a son.
You shall name him Ishmael,[a]
    for the Lord has heard of your misery.
12 He will be a wild donkey of a man;
    his hand will be against everyone
    and everyone’s hand against him,
and he will live in hostility
    toward[b] all his brothers.”
13 She gave this name to the Lord who spoke to her: “You are the God who sees me,” for she said, “I have now seen[c] the One who sees me.” 14 That is why the well was called Beer Lahai Roi[d]; it is still there, between Kadesh and Bered.
15 So Hagar bore Abram a son, and Abram gave the name Ishmael to the son she had borne. 16 Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore him Ishmael.

Footnotes:

  1. Genesis 16:11 Ishmael means God hears.
  2. Genesis 16:12 Or live to the east / of
  3. Genesis 16:13 Or seen the back of
  4. Genesis 16:14 Beer Lahai Roi means well of the Living One who sees me.
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishmael

Genesis 21:
God Provides for Hagar and Ishmael
21 Yahweh came to help Sarah and did for her what he had promised. 2 So she became pregnant, and at the exact time Elohim had promised, she gave birth to a son for Abraham in his old age. 3 Abraham named his newborn son Isaac. 4 When Isaac was eight days old, Abraham circumcised him as Elohim had commanded. 5 Abraham was 100 years old when his son Isaac was born.
6 Sarah said, “Elohim has brought me laughter, and everyone who hears about this will laugh with me. 7 Who would have predicted to Abraham that Sarah would nurse children? Yet, I have given him a son in his old age.”
The child grew and was weaned. On the day Isaac was weaned, Abraham held a big feast. 9 Sarah saw that Abraham’s son by Hagar the Egyptian was laughing at Isaac. 10 She said to Abraham, “Get rid of this slave and her son, because this slave’s son must never share the inheritance with my son Isaac.” 11 Abraham was upset by this because of his son Ishmael. 12 But Elohim said to Abraham, “Don’t be upset about the boy and your slave. Listen to what Sarah says because through Isaac your descendants will carry on your name. 13 Besides, I will make the slave’s son into a nation also, because he is your child.”
17 Elohim heard the boy crying, and the Messenger of Elohim called to Hagar from heaven. “What’s the matter, Hagar?” he asked her. “Don’t be afraid! Elohim has heard the boy crying from the bushes. 18 Come on, help the boy up! Take him by the hand, because I’m going to make him into a great nation.”
19 Elohim opened her eyes. Then she saw a well. She filled the container with water and gave the boy a drink.
20 Elohim was with the boy as he grew up. He lived in the desert and became a skilled archer. 21 He lived in the desert of Paran, and his mother got him a wife from Egypt.
Abraham’s Agreement with Abimelech
22 At that time Abimelech,
accompanied by Phicol, the commander of his army, said to Abraham, “Elohim is with you in everything you do. 23 Now, swear an oath to me here in front of Elohim that you will never cheat me, my children, or my descendants. Show me and the land where you’ve been living the same kindness that I have shown you.”
24 Abraham said, “I so swear.”
32 After they made the treaty at Beersheba, Abimelech and Phicol, the commander of his army, left and went back to the land of the Philistines. 33 Abraham planted a tamarisk tree at Beersheba and worshiped Yahweh, El Olam, there. 34 Abraham lived a long time in the land of the Philistines.

Genesis 16:16 Abraham was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore him Ishmael. Genesis 21 in excerpts: 5 Abraham was a hundred years old when his son Isaac was born to him. and the text continues: 8 The child grew and was weaned, and on the day Isaac was weaned Abraham held a great feast. 9 But Sarah saw that the son whom Hagar the Egyptian had borne to Abraham was mocking, 10 and she said to Abraham, "Get rid of that slave woman and her son, for that slave woman's son will never share in the inheritance with my son Isaac." 11 The matter distressed Abraham greatly because it concerned his son. 12 But God said to him, "Do not be so distressed about the boy and your maidservant. Listen to whatever Sarah tells you, because it is through Isaac that your offspring will be reckoned. 13 I will make the son of the maidservant into a nation also, because he is your offspring." 14 Early the next morning Abraham took some food and a skin of water and gave them to Hagar. He set them on her shoulders and then sent her off with the boy. She went on her way and wandered in the desert of Beersheba. 15 When the water in the skin was gone, she put the boy under one of the bushes. Typically, Isaac would be around 2-3 years old when he is weaned, which makes Ishmael about 16-17 years of age when he is expelled from Abraham's home.
Now, in this translation (NIV) everything seems fine, but some English Bibles (e.g. the RSV) translate verse 14 as:
14   So Abraham rose early in the morning, and took bread and a skin of
     water, and gave it to Hagar, putting it on her shoulder, 
     along with the child, and sent her away. And she departed, 
     and wandered in the wilderness of Beer-sheba.
15   When the water in the skin was gone, 
     she cast the child under one of the bushes.
In this translation it seems to say: Abraham put Ishmael on Hagars shoulders which gives the impression that Ishmael is still a young child in contradiction to the fact that we have seen Ishmael is at least 14 probably 16-17 years old and definitely past the age where his mother can carry him.
One Muslim pointed this out as a contradiction and so I asked a Hebrew scholar to shed some light on this passage.

The Hebrew of Gen 21:14 is ambiguous. How it's interpreted is as much a question of punctuation as anything else.
The age of Ishmael is inferred from the stated ages of Abraham at various points in the overall story. 12:4 says he was 75 when he left Haran and went to Canaan; 16:3 says he slept with Hagar to produce Ishmael when he had been in Canaan for 10 years. That would make him 85, closer to 86 by the time Ishmael was born. And finally, 21:4 says Abraham was 100 when Isaac was born. So Ishmael was at least 14 when Sarah fired Hagar.
Verse 14, bereft of all punctuation, says in a direct translation from the Hebrew, "Abraham got up in the morning and took bread and a skin of water and gave to Hagar placing on her shoulder and the child and sent her out and she went and wandered in the wilderness of Beersheba." "The child" is prefixed with the Hebrew direct-object marker.
The question: there are three verbs in the immediate vicinity, "he took," "he gave," and "placing." Which one is "the child" the direct object of? The translations your friend looked at assume it is the direct object of "placing." The problem with this is, normal Hebrew word order would put it right after the verb, "placing the child on her shoulder." Instead it reads "placing on her shoulder and the child." That little "and" makes me doubt that it says he placed Ishmael on her shoulder.
It seems more likely to me that it's the direct object of the other two verbs. Abraham took bread and a skin of water (placing these on her shoulder) and the child and gave them to Hagar. The NIV's paraphrase makes this reasonably clear, and it looks to me as though they have probability on their side.
It is still possible, of course, that despite the word order it says he placed the boy on her shoulder. That reading is possible. But there's a deeper issue here that underlies many such translations. There are those who assume that Genesis is not a single work, that it is the result of several traditions and individual stories being gathered together and "redacted" into this final form. The assumption is that the dates given for Abraham are from this later redactor; that the story of Hagar's exile originally had Ishmael still a baby; that the redactor didn't catch the inconsistency and put two conflicting comments into his narrative, one indicating a timeline that has Ishmael in his teens, and one indicating that Ishmael was still a baby carried on his mother's shoulders. This is at least part of the motivation behind many of the versions and commentators who translate this "he placed the child on her shoulders."
I don't buy it. There are too many assumptions and too little real evidence. The structure of the sentence is such that "the child" can just as easily be seen as the third in a series of things that Abraham gave to Hagar, with the side remark (using a Hebrew participle rather than a finite verb) that he placed the bread and water on her shoulders.
I don't see a problem with her "casting" him under a bush to get him out of the heat of the day. I can easily picture her dragging him into the shade, or him falling down when she lets go of his hand, or several other scenarios. But carrying him on her shoulders is another matter. I'm a pretty big guy, 6 feet tall, about 200 pounds, fairly strong, and I have trouble doing this with my 13-year-old petite daughter. I can't envision a woman, probably much smaller than I am, carrying a full-size teenager into the desert on her back. However, I can see her dragging him a few feet across the sand to get him into the shade of a bush when the water runs out.
Hope this helps,
Dave Washburn

(And later a professor of Hebrew studies gave some more details and insights. Bear with the technical, but that is what you have to do when fine details are discussed.)
Dave Washburn gave a good answer. Here are a few more thoughts:
(1) In verse 14, the word "and" in this case introduces a resumptive addition, because it has no preceeding noun phrase with which it can connect the phrase "the lad." If the text were to indicate that Abraham put the lad on hagar's shoulder, one would expect the text to read "putting "it [the bread and water] and the lad" on her shoulder." However, the objective pronoun "it" is not there. To the best of my knowledge, "and" is never used to form a compound noun phrase with an elided noun (one that is missing). Therefore, the "and" is resumptive, picking up on a previous thought and adding more to it.
(2) The Hebrew text has a disjunctive accent on the word "her shoulder" that marks a syntactic division between the phrase "her shoulder" and the phrase "and the lad." This supports (1) above.
(3) Even if Ishmael had been a little child, it is unnatural for a woman to carry a child on her shoulder--on her back or hip, yes; but on her shoulder, no.
(4) The word "cast" of verse 15 need not be interpreted that Hagar picked up the lad and threw him like a rock. That too is unnatural. A mother would never do that to a child. When the lad became faint, she helped him to walk as far as her strength would allow; and when she could go no further, she let him fall under the shade of a tree. The word "cast" is consistent with that understanding. It is true that the Hebrew word translated here as "cast" often conveys energetic action, but the following are some references where violent, energetic action is not necessarily implied:
2 Samuel 20:12  But Amasa 
wallowed in his blood in the middle of the highway. 
And when the man saw that all the people stood still, 
he moved Amasa from the highway to the field 
and threw a garment over him, 
when he saw that everyone who came upon him halted.

1 Kings 19:19  So he departed from there, 
and found Elisha the son of Shaphat, 
who was plowing with twelve yoke of oxen before him, 
and he was with the twelfth. 
Then Elijah passed by him and threw his mantle on him.

2 Kings 4:41  So he said, "Then bring some flour." 
And he put it into the pot, and said, 
"Serve it to the people, that they may eat." 
And there was nothing harmful in the pot.

2 Kings 13:21  So it was, as they were burying a man, 
that suddenly they spied a band of raiders; 
and they put the man in the tomb of Elisha; 
and when the man was let down and touched the bones of Elisha, 
he revived and stood on his feet.

2 Chronicles 24:10  Then all the leaders and all the people rejoiced, 
brought their contributions, 
and put them into the chest until all had given.

Job 15:33  He will shake off his unripe grape like a vine, 
And cast off his blossom like an olive tree.

Psalm 55:22  Cast your burden on the LORD, 
And He shall sustain you; 
He shall never permit the righteous to be moved.

Ezekiel 43:24  'When you offer them before the LORD, 
the priests shall throw salt on them, 
and they will offer them up as a burnt offering to the LORD.
(5) Only hostile readers insist on interpreting a text in a self contradictory manner. However, it is proper to assume that a text is self-consistent and lacks contradictions. If a text can be interpreted in that way, it is honest to accept that interpretation. That is one of the fundamental laws of hermeneutics. Only when a text cannot be interpreted in a self-consistent and non-contradictory way is it proper to accuse it of error.
The New King James Version translates these verses as follows:
So Abraham rose early in the morning, and took bread and a skin of water; and putting it on her shoulder, he gave it and the boy to Hagar, and sent her away. Then she departed and wandered in the Wilderness of Beersheba. And the water in the skin was used up, and she placed the boy under one of the shrubs. (Genesis 21:14-15)
The order of the Hebrew words has been altered for clarity, but the translation is consistent with the grammar and syntax of the Hebrew. It correctly conveys the meaning of the text.
I hope this helps,
James D. Price


The Naming of Hagar

The angel of Yahweh found near a spring in the wilderness and said to her, “Hagar, where have you come from and where are you going?” She said, “I am running away from my mistress.” The angel of Yahweh said to her, “Go back to your mistress and humbly submit yourself to her.” The angel of Yahweh said to her, “I will so increase your descendants, that they will be too numerous to be counted. Then the angel of Yahweh said to her, “Now you are with child and you will have a son, and you shall name him Ishmael, for Yahweh has heard your distress. (16:7-12)
I note Hagar’s naming as an affirmation of the personhood of Hagar, as well as the deliberate stressing of her ‘being maid of Sarai’, to remind her who she is: a poor, foreigner maidservant. Only in the beginning (v. 1,3) is Hagar named as Egyptian maidservant. Throughout the story, she is known only by her name or as servant. Filipinas are typified the world over as maids, a mark for all to know that the majority of Filipinos are poor by indication of their being servants in rich countries.
This naming is important for Filipino women. Not only do the women OFWs are recognized in their contribution to the national and family economies; their plight is brought to the open and properly named as it is: exploitation and modern day slavery. In this way of naming emerges a clear vision. We can hear these women demand decent jobs and livelihood so that there would be no reason for them to leave home and become enslaved by another family or be abused by a fellow woman. We also hear them demand that the nation’s resources be placed at the disposal of Filipinos and not of big capitalists, so that there will be enough for everybody; and human resources valued and compensated decently.
I think this talk of Yahweh to Hagar to return to Sarah and endure the harsh treatments cannot be separated from the promise of a blessing. Once the order to return is disconnected from this blessing, it will be all suffering for Hagar and no future. Hagar’s son has to be born in Abraham’s household for him to survive, assert his sonship, and make true a future that will stand against oppression within that patriarchal household.
If used today against the OFW, this exhortation to stay in oppressive and exploitative conditions will only bring death to them. However, for the OFWs this is a better option than staying at home and waiting for death to come by hunger. Yahweh’s promise of a future for Hagar’s son is an uncertain one for the OFWs. It is either death in a foreign land, or a better future for their children left behind. Who knows the future, anyway? Hope for the OFWs is in the unpredictability of the future, and life is taking that chance on the future.
The difference between Hagar and Sarah of old and the Sarahs and Hagars now is that women OFWs are able to articulate their situation and critically analyze it in the context of global capitalism. This is a great sign of hope, for in this naming the vision of a future is determined. It is the divine whom they recognized within each OFW that led them to see and to hear their weeping from abuse and violence.
Divinity was always with Hagar. Hagar knew it; she took her every chance on life with great faith. The OFWs are our modern day women of faith. They recognize themselves in Hagar in her terror and in her faith.
The number of OFWs will not decrease soon; more are going abroad to seek greener pastures. Today is different. They have a consciousness, an organized expression, a venue for dialogue between countries and between women of these countries. We must answer for the terror in Hagar’s story, and to the terror in the lives of the present OFWs. This accountability is expressed partly in women’s willingness to overturn patriarchy and in their participation to the national struggle for economic and political sovereignty.

Let Yahweh judge between me and you. (16:5c)

Sarah recognizes the unfairness in her situation, and invokes that Yahweh judges between her and Abraham, the patriarch largely responsible for all the mess.[10] Yet Abraham outsmarted Sarah. He pointed out the barriers, and Sarah readily falls into the trap. Who would want to d issipate the inheritance and the power of the position one holds in exchange of sisterhood and solidarity?[11] It is not Sarah. Certainly not the rich women who have maidservants. What, then, could break the illusion of these class and social barriers in order for women to cross over and to forge solidarity?
Patriarchy pits women against each other, in effect blinding them from their shared exploitation and abuse. Thus patriarchy continually perpetuates itself. It offers more affluence to the already affluent, and affords a degree of freedom and equality to some women at the expense of others, and at the expense of the poor women from the south. I have no idea what miracle is needed to happen for our rich sisters to recognize the clutches of patriarchy over them, and indict it soon. Was Sarah able to recognize it? Maybe Hagar must have also asked herself: “Which law led me into Abraham’s tent and then back into loneliness?”[12] It is not remote for the women OFWs to ask the same question: what force led us into slavery? After all, we are all ‘sisters in the wilderness,’ only others happen to live near an oasis, many of the rest are like Hagar, women of the desert.[13]
God then opened her eyes and she saw a well of water. She went and filled the skin and gave the boy a drink. (21:19)
The retelling of the life and death stories in the wilderness of abuse and violence of the modern day Hagars is God’s movement in opening our eyes.[14] The women OFWs—the blessed mothers and their children, for whom God opens a well of living water in the wilderness so that they might drink and live—will themselves see a wellspring of hope, and from their hands give their children a drink that would revivify them in their struggle for survival and liberation.[15]
Hagar’s story said that Ishmael grew up to be ‘a wild ass of a man’ who is to dwell in the desert, in the outskirts of civilization.[16] Ishmael will be free, roving in the wilderness... he will not be submissive to oppressive people... Hagar bears the child for Abraham, the possibilities for a future of non-oppression will be opened up for her family[17] and for the future descendants of the household of Abram. Hagar of old foreshadowed Israel’s pilgrimage of faith through contrast.[18] Our Hagars today are still on a journey.
We see the Ishmaels and his sisters of today strong, organized and militant in advocating OFW rights and welfare here and abroad. This band of OFWs in Migrante, vowed to work not only for the defense and care of abused and exploited OFWs, but especially for a national household that provides enough for its dwellers and does not send them to seek better provisions and opportunities abroad. This signals the possibility of a future without oppression, of a blessing of a fuller life, for “God was with the boy” (21:20a). We, too, are blessed, and we claim this blessing.
But from the son of your servant, I will also form a nation (a people who will always reject exploitation and oppression), for he too is your offspring. (21:13)
Hagar “bears public witness to the God of Abraham and Sarah.” The same God of Hagar, Abraham, and Sarah sees and hears us today, and grants us a future not of an oppressive and patriarchal household. Filipino women OFWs have seen a definite glimpse of possibilities through dialogue and solidarity together with our sisters in the north, and through the on-going struggle of the Filipino people for social transformation. Together, we can take patriarchy apart and weave a just and peaceful world, because another world is possible.
Hagars and Sarahs of the world, let us unite in sisterhood and solidarity!
References:
  • Expositor’s Bible Commentary. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1990.
  • New Interpreter’s Bible. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1994.
  • Ringe, Sharon and Carol Newsom, eds. Women’s Bible Commentary.
  • Ruether, Rosemary Radford. Sexism and God Talk. London: SCM Press, 1983. Strack, Hannah. “Hagar: God Sees and Hears,” trans. Natalie Watson, in The Christian Women’s Yearbook 2002.
  • Trible, Phyllis. Texts of Terror. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1984.
  • Williams, Delores. Sisters in the Wilderness. New York: Orbis Books, 1993.
  • Women’s Bible Commentary. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 1992.
Footnotes
  1. An overarching term under which the various forms of women’s oppression are placed. As a social hierarchical system, it builds on male dominance—female subord ination social arrangement to include other forms of dominance like classism (rich over poor), racism (white over colored), imperialism (rich countries over poor ones).
  2. For example, Terence Fretheim, “The Book of Genesis,” New Interpreter’s Bible, vol. 1, 451; John Sailhamer, “Genesis,” The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, vol. 2, 135; Phyllis Trible, Texts of Terror (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1984), 9.
  3. Trible, Texts of Terror, 10; Fretheim, The Book of Genesis, 451.
  4. Trible, Texts of Terror, 27.
  5. Fretheim, The Book of Genesis, 490.
  6. Ibid., 451.
  7. Trible, Texts of Terror, 13.
  8. Ibid., 12. Indeed, class distinctions pose a barrier to women’s solidarity, which is not impossible to cross over.
  9. Rosemary Radford Ruether, Sexism and God Talk (London: SCM Press, 1983), 184.
  10. Even the narrator recognizes this according to Fretheim. Fretheim, The Book of Genesis, 451.
  11. Hannah Strack suspects Sarah’s worry is about inheritance. Hannah Strack, “Hagar: God Sees and Hears,” trans. Natalie Watson, in The Christian Women’s Yearbook 2002.
  12. Strack, Hagar: God Sees and Hears.
  13. Williams, Sisters in the Wilderness, 604.
  14. NCCP conducts occasional forums where women OFWs share their plight abroad. These activities are avenues where ‘undisturbed’ church people gets challenged to respond to the reality of exploitation in labor migration.
  15. Susan Niditch, “Genesis,” Women’s Bible Commentary, 21.
  16. Sailhamer, Genesis, 135.
  17. Fretheim, The Book of Genesis, 453.
  18. Trible, Texts of Terror, 28.


Hagar

Your Womb shook with compassion, God
When Hagar the slave cried out in despair,
Used, abused and discarded by man
Cast out to die in the desert, with her son
You the God of the oppressed and poor
Appeared to Hagar a woman and a slave
To comfort, to strengthen, and then to uphold
In the time of her grief and deep depression
You opened her eyes and nearby she saw
Life giving water welling up,
She quenched her thirst and revived herself
And was favored to be the mother of a nation
God of our foremothers ever heard
The cry of the oppressed and the poor
But Hagar the bond-woman thrice oppressed
Was the first to glimpse the Divine Being.


Prayer for Our Overseas Workers

The Angel of God bless you,
When you are straying through the desert,
Lonely and in despair.
The angel of God bless you,
When your worries for those you love
Make you restless.
The angel of God bless you!
May God show you to the water of life,
Which will accompany you out of the desert Into fertile and.
Be not afraid.
(based on Gen. 21:14-19, Hannah Strack)


Analar Hacer Olmadıkça Oğullar İsmail Olmayacak
Hazret-i İbrâhim, Nemrud’un ateşinden kurtulduktan sonra, Bâbil’den ayrılıp, Mısır’a gittiğinde hanımı Sâre’ye Mısır firavunlarından Senan bin Ulvan musallat olmuştu. Fakat, Sâre’ye yaklaşmak istediğinde, ellerinin tutulup, nefesi kesilerek sara hastalığına benzer bir hâle düştü. Bunun üzerine Firavun korkarak İbrâhim aleyhisselâm ve Sâre’yi bıraktı ve Hacer adlı bir câriyeyi de hediye etti. İbrâhim aleyhisselâm, Firavun’un korkarak câriye olarak verdiği Hacer’i de alarak, Filistin’e döndü.

Şöyle ki;

Hz. İbrahim ve eşi Hz. Sâre Validemiz bir seyahat maksadıyla yola çıkmışlardı. Yolları zalim bir kralın ülkesine düşmüştü. Gidecekleri yere varabilmeleri için bu ülkeden geçmek zorundalardı. Bu kralın kötü bir namı vardı: Güzel evli kadınları kocalarından zorla ayırıyor ve onları yanında alıkoyuyordu. Bu durumu Hz. İbrahim biliyordu. Bunun üzerine şehre girmeden eşine şöyle dedi:

- Buranın çok zalim bir kralı var. Güzel kadınları kocalarından zorla alıyor. Senin, benim eşim olduğunu anlarsa, seni de benden zorla almak isteyebilir. O yüzden olur ya seninle muhatap olursa ve sana benim kim olduğunu sorarsa eşim değil kardeşim dersin. Bu yalan da değil. İkimiz aynı zamanda iman kardeşiyiz.

Şehir içinden geçerken Hz. Sâre validemiz kralın adamlarının dikkatinden kaçmadı. Krallarına yaranmak için hemen Hz. Sâre’yi alıp saraya getirdiler. Hz. İbrahim, eşini teslim etmemek için çok mücadele etse de nafileydi. Adamlar hem silahlı, hem de sayıca ve kuvvetçe çok güçlüydüler. Hz. İbrahim’e dua etmek başka bir şey kalmıyordu. O da ellerini açıp Rabbine Hz. Sâre’yi koruması için dua ediyordu.

Adamlar, Hz. Sâre’yi saraya getirdiler. Bu sırada Hz. Sâre şöyle dua ediyordu:

- Allah’ım! Ben Sana ve peygamberin İbrahim’e iman etim. Ben hayatım boyunca namusumu korudum. N’olursun Ya Rabbi, beni bu zalimden uzak tut, beni onun kötülüklerinden koru, muhafaza eyle.

Muhafızlar Hz. Sâre’yi alıp kralın yanına götürdülür. Kral, karşısında Hz. Sâre’yi görünce ona dokunmak istedi. Bu amaçla elini Hz. Sâre’ye uzattı. O anda kralın kolu ve bütün vücudu kaskatı kesildi. Ne yaptıysa bu halden kurtulamadı. Artık çaresiz olarak Hz. Sâre’ye,

- Bana ne yaptın bilmiyorum ama bu halden ancak sen beni kurtarabilirsin. Haydi bir şeyler yap da beni kurtar. Söz veriyorum sana dokunmayacağım ve seni serbest bırakacağım, dedi.

Hz. Sâre validemiz dua etti ve kral düzeldi. Ancak sözünü yerine getirmeyerek elini tekrar Hz. Sâre’ye uzatmak istedi. Aynı hal bir daha başına geldi. Bunun üzerine Hz. Sâre’den yardım istedi. Hz. Sâre’nin duasıyla düzelen kral bir kere daha elini uzatmak istediyse de yine kolu ve vücudu kaskatı kesildi. Artık kral, Hz. Sâre’ye dokunamayacağını anlamıştı. Yanındaki adamlarını çağırıp emretti:

- Derhal bu kadını yanımdan uzaklaştırın. Siz bana bir insan değil, şeytan getirmişsiniz. Şu hizmetçi Hacer’i de alıp ona verin. O da aynen bu kadın gibi. Böyle kadınları sarayımda istemiyorum.

Bu emir üzerine kralın adamları, Hz. Sâre ve daha sonra Hz. İbrahim’in eşi ve Hz. İsmail’in annesi olacak Hz. Hacer validemizi alıp Hz. İbrahim’in yanına getirdiler ve onlardan derhal ülkeyi terk etmelerini istediler. Hz. İbrahim, yanında eşiyle birlikte bir de başka kadın görünce çok şaşırmıştı. O, bir yandan eşine kavuştuğu için şükrediyor, bir yandan da eşinin başından nelerin geçtiğini merak ediyordu.

Hz. Sâre validemiz başından geçenleri bir bir Hz. İbrahim’e anlattı ve son söz olarak şunları söyledi:

- Rabbime binlerce hamd ü sena olsun ki beni zalim kralın elinden korudu. Onu perişan etti ve bir de bu hizmetçi kızı verdi.

(Buhari, 2065, 2104, 3179; Müslim, 2371)
  

Hâcer; Allah’ın Evinin Ebedi Hizmetkârı


Yine bir hac zamanı geldi. Hac ve kurban denince akla öncelikle Hz. İbrahim ve Hz. İsmail gelir. Oysa ailenin çok önemli bir parçası var ki onun üzerinde yeterince düşündüğümüz söylenemez: Hz. Hâcer.
   Kimdir? Nedir? Nereden gelmiştir? Mısır’dan Filistin’e, oradan Mekke’ye uzanan yolculuğun hikâyesi neydi? Uçkuruna düşkün bir zalimin sarayında hizmetçilik ederken nasıl olup da Allah’ın evinin ebedi bekçisi bir hanım, bir peygamber eşi ve neslinden iki peygamber gelen mübarek bir anne oluvermişti? Hac ayı vesilesiyle bu yazıda Hz. Hâcer annemiz ve onun ibretlik hikâyesi üzerinde duralım istedik.
Hâcer’in Hz. İbrahim’le Karşılaşması
   Bilindiği gibi Hz. İbrahim, yaşadığı dönemde büyük bir tevhid mücadelesi vermişti. Onun mücadelesi, kendini tanrı zanneden nemrutlara ve taştan yonttukları putları tanrı kabul edip onların önünde ibadet etmeyi normal gören cahilî anlayışa karşıydı.
   Hz. İbrahim, Urfa’da İslam’ı yaşama imkânı kalmayınca eşi Sâre ile beraber Mısır’a gitti. Ne var ki, bir gammazın fitlemesiyle, uçkuruna düşkün zalim kral şehre gelen Hz. İbrahim’in yanındaki güzel hanımdan haberdar olmuştu. Hz. İbrahim’e onun kim olduğunu sordu. Hz. İbrahim’de onun, (din) kardeşi olduğunu söyledi. Bunun üzerine zalim kral Hz. İbrahim’e bir takım hediyeler verdi ve Sâre’yi yanında zorla alıkoydu. Sâre, namaza durdu ve kendisini ondan koruması için Allah’a dua etti. Kral, Sâre’ye sahip olmak isteyince sara hastası gibi yere düştü. Sonra Sâre’ye dokunmayacağına dair söz verdi ama iyileşince aynı kötü arzusunu yine gerçekleştirmek istedi. Bu durum üç kez tekrarlandı. Üçüncüsünde kral bu ailedeki olağan dışılığı anladı ve emelinden vazgeçti. Sâre’ye cariyelerinden Hâcer’i hizmetçi olarak hediye verip onu salıverdi.
   Hâcer annemizin Hz. İbrahim ve ailesiyle tanışması ilk böyle gerçekleşti. Hz. İbrahim’in, iki kişi ile başladığı Mısır yolculuğu üç kişi ile tamamlandı. Artık yanlarında hizmetçileri Hâcer olduğu halde Mısır’ı terk edip Filistin bölgesine, Ken’an diyarına gelip yerleştiler.
   Zalim kralın evinde hizmet eden sıradan zenci bir cariye olan Hâcer annemizin serüveni de böylece başlamış oldu. Sonraki olaylara bakınca insan, “Hz. İbrahim’in Mısır’a gitmesi, kader planında acaba sırf Hâcer’in oradan alınması ve İbrahim ile tanıştırılması için miydi?” diye düşünmeden edemiyor.
Hz. İbrahim İle Evliliği
   Hz. İbrahim’in Sâre’den çocuğu olmamıştı. Sâre, kendi arzusu ve talebi ile hizmetçisi Hâcer’i kocası Hz. İbrahim’e ikinci eş olarak verdi. Böylece İbrahim’in evinde bir çocuk sesi duyulabilecekti. Çocuğa duyduğu özlem Sâre’yi böyle bir çözüme itmişti. Artık Hâcer, Allah teala’nın kendisine halil’im (dostum) dediği bir Peygamberin eşiydi. Hz. İbrahim seksen yaşının üzerinde olmasına rağmen bu evlilik meyve vermiş ve İsmail adında bir çocukları olmuştu.
Bu çocuktan birkaç sene sonra o yıla kadar çocuğu olmayan Sâre validemizin de bir çocuğu oldu. Ona da İshak adını verdiler. Doğan bu çocuk Hâcer annemizin Filistin bölgesinden ayrılıp kutsal belde, mescid-i haram’ın bulunduğu vadi’ye göç etmesinin gerekçesi oldu. Zaten Hâcer isminin anlamı da hicret eden değil miydi? Onun hicreti henüz bitmemişti. İkinci çocuk, Hâcer’in Mekke’ye gidişinin bir bahanesi olmuştu. Evet, Hâcer Mekke vadisine gitmeliydi. Çünkü onun neslinden olacak son peygamber o topraklarda dünya’ya gelecekti.
Mekke Vadisine Gidişi
Bazılarının zannettiği gibi aile içi bir kavganın neticesi olarak değil, ilahi bir işaretle Hz. İbrahim,  Hâcer’i ve henüz kundaktaki İsmail’i aldı ve bin kilometrelik yolu yaya giderek onları Mekke vadisine götürdü. Eğer bu hicret ilahi bir işaretle değil de Sâre’nin kıskançlığının sonucu olsaydı Hâcer’i Sare’nin göremeyeceği yakın bir yere, bir köye gidip bırakırdı. Neden hiçbir yerleşimin olmadığı, yaşama olanaklarının bulunmadığı bir yere gidip onları bıraksın?
   Mekke vadisi volkanik dağların arasında dar bir vadiydi. Su ve yeşillik olmadığı için yerleşmeye uygun değildi. Hz. İbrahim, hanımı Hâcer ve ufak çocukları İsmail’den oluşan kafile bu vadide konakladı. O tarihte Mekke'de hiç kimse yoktu.
   Hz. İbrahim Hâcer 'le İsmâil'i Mescid-i Harâm'ın bugün bulunduğu yerin yakınına bıraktı. Yanlarında sadece içi hurma dolu meşin bir dağarcık ve içi su dolu bir kırba vardı. Sonra İbrahim gitmek üzere geri döndüğünde Hâcer de peşi sıra onu takip etti ve: “Ey İbrahim, bizi bu vadide bırakıp da nereye gidiyorsun? Burada ne bir insan ne de bir hayat eseri var” dedi. İbrahim ona dönüp bakmayınca Hâcer:  “Bizi burada bırakmanı Allah mı sana emretti?” diye sordu. İbrahim: “Evet, Allah emretti!” diye cevap verdi. Bunun üzerine Hâcer :“ Öyle ise Allah bize yeter, O bizi bırakmaz!” dedi. İşte Hâcer’i Hâcer yapan bu teslimiyetiydi. Hangi insan buna razı olabilir ki. En ufak bir tereddüt yok. “Madem Allah’ın emridir başım gözüm üstüne”  demek, İslam’ın ve imanın özü olan tam bir teslimiyet ifadesinden başka bir şey değil. Hz. İbrahim oradan ayrılmadan önce onları Allah’a ısmarladı ve onlar için dua etti sonra dönüp gitti. Artık Hâcer, oğlu ile baş başa kalmıştı. Bir müddet sonra yiyecek ve içecekleri tükendi. İşte o andan sonra yer ve gök o annenin oğlu için çırpınışına, Safa ve Merve tepeleri arsındaki çaresiz koşuşturmasına şahit olmaktadır. Bu çaresizlik içerisinde son defa Merve tepesi üzerine çıktığında çocuğun ağlayışının kesildiğini fark etti. Onun tarafına baktığında zemzem kuyusunun yerinde bir melek (Cebrail) gördü. O Melek ayağının topuğuyla yahut kanadıyla yeri kazıyordu. Nihayet su göründü.1
   Demek, Hacer teslimiyeti gösterebilsek Allah çöllerden nice billur pınarlar çıkaracaktır bizim için. Zemzem, Hacer sabrını, sa’yini ve teslimiyetini gösterebilenlerin hakkıdır. Safa ve Merve tepeleri arasında gidip gelmek demek olan sa’yin kelime anlamı, çalışmak, çabalamaktır. Bu gün, üzerine düşen sorumlulukları yeterince yerine getirmeyen, Hacca gittiği halde Hacer tavrı gösteremeyen dünya Müslümanlarının, sıkıntılı zamanlarda gönüllerine su serpecek zemzem beklemeleri ve Allah’tan yardım ummaları ham hayalden ibaret boş bir avunmadır.
   İsmail büyüdü, yetişkin delikanlı oldu. Hz. İbrahim onları ziyarete geldiği bir gün Allah Teala, İsmail’in kurban edilmesi emrini verdi. Bu, elbette Hz. İbrahim için bir imtihan olduğu kadar, belki ondan daha çok bir anne olarak Hz. Hacer için daha büyük bir imtihandı. İşte o çok sevdiği, kendinden bir parça olan İsmail, canlı canlı bıçak altına yatacaktı.  Hz. Hacer şeytanın bütün iğvasına rağmen yine tevekkül etmiş, Allah’ın emrine rıza göstermişti. Bu rızalarının karşılığı olarak Allah, İsmail’lerini onlara bağışlamıştı.

Hz. Peygamberimiz Hz. Hacer soyundan gelmiştir. Onun babası Abdullah da kurban edilecekken son anda kurtulmuştu. Bu yüzden Hz. Peygamberimiz “ben iki kurbanlığın oğluyum” buyurur. Allah, haccı, gücü yeten tüm Müslümanlara ömürde bir defa farz eylemiş, Kurban’ı da çok büyük bir ibadet olarak bizden istemiştir. Hz. Hacer’in bastığı yerlere basan, safa Merve arasında Hacer gibi koşuşturan ve en nihayet canı, cananı, hiçbir şeytanın veya nefsin iğvasına kapılmadan, onun yolunda feda edebilen, kısaca Hacer gibi olabilenlerin de geçmiş tüm günahlarını affedeceğini müjdelemiştir.   Zaten hac ve kurban, Hacer olmaktan başka nedir ki. Hâcer annemiz, doksan yaşında vefat ederek Hicr'e defnedilmiştir. Hicr, Kâbe’nin içi sayılmaktadır. Allah, Hacer validemizden o kadar memnun olmuş ki onu kendi evine almış, evinin halkı yapmıştır. Şimdi o, Beytullah’ı ziyarete gelen Allah’ın misafirlerini onun evinde beklemekte, onları Allah’ın evinde ağırlamaktadır. Hz. Hacer, uzaktan gelen misafirlerine bugün bile zemzem ikram etmeye devam etmektedir. O artık, Allah’ın evinin ebedi hizmetkârıdır.
............................................
1)Bkz. Buhari, 1381

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